Роль социального неравенства и психологических ресурсов личности в заболеваемости социально значимыми болезнями в России и странах Европы

Аннотация: 
Психологические ресурсы личности являются важным фактором поддержания здоровья. Обладание такими психологическими чертами, как осознание своей способности контролировать обстоятельства жизни, позитивное восприятие себя и вера в собственные силы, самоуважение, оптимистический взгляд в будущее, оказывают непосредственное позитивное воздействие на физическое и психологическое состояние человека, способствуют формированию здоровых стилей жизни, вооружают способностью преодолевать жизненные невзгоды и смягчают неблагоприятные последствия для здоровья стрессовых воздействий. Наличие таких психологических ресурсов и их резерва особенно важно для людей, страдающих социально значимыми хроническими заболеваниями, сопровождающимися физическими и функциональными ограничениями, нарушениями психологической и социальной адаптации. Однако, как свидетельствуют результаты множества исследований, в социально неблагополучных группах населения – малообразованных, занятых на наименее престижных и низкооплачиваемых работах, располагающих низкими доходами, наряду с высокими значениями рисков заболеваемости и преждевременной смертности от хронических болезней наблюдаются низкие показатели психологической резистентности, обусловленной дефицитом психологических ресурсов. Исследование взаимосвязей социального статуса и психологических ресурсов личности, оказывающих влияние на здоровье представителей разных социальных страт, позволило выделить два основных подхода. В рамках одного подхода психологические черты рассматриваются как производное от структурных условий, определяющих неравномерность их распределения в обществе. Предполагается, что дефицит психологических ресурсов, испытываемый представителями социально уязвимых слоев, способствует усугублению негативного влияния низкого социально-экономического статуса на здоровье и выступает в качестве одного из посреднических механизмов трансформации социально-экономических различий в неравенства в здоровье. В рамках другого подхода подчеркивается роль самого человека в изменении обстоятельств своей жизни, в том числе, и обусловленных неблагоприятными воздействиями низкого социально-экономического статуса. В данном случае, внимание концентрируется не столько на различиях в выраженности психологических резервов индивидов, занимающих различные позиции в социально-экономической стратификации, сколько на их вариативности в пределах одного социального слоя. Эмпирические исследования подтверждают, что именно в среде социально уязвимых слоев населения, индивиды, характеризующиеся наличием большего резерва позитивных психологических свойств, демонстрируют существенно более хорошие показатели здоровья по сравнению с теми согражданами, которые этого резерва лишены. В литературе это явление обозначается как «буферный» эффект, способствующий уменьшению негативных последствий для здоровья низкого статуса, а, следовательно, и сокращению социально-структурных неравенств в здоровье. В развитых странах Европы, где государственные гарантии позволяют представителям нижних социальных слоев сохранять самоуважение, уверенность в будущем и оптимизм, психологические ресурсы утрачивают роль посредника между социально-экономическим статусом и здоровьем и могут приводить к буферному сокращению структурных неравенств. В менее развитых странах Европы и в России, где государственные программы в здравоохранении и образовании не позволяют людям из нижних страт сохранять психологическую устойчивость, структурные различия в рисках хронических заболеваний и преждевременной смертности сохраняются.
Страницы: 
64-73
Файл: 
doi: 

10.33491/telescope2019.5-604

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